Filecoin常见问题

LEGAL DISCLAIMER:?The following questions and answers are provided for general informational purposes only, and may contain forward looking statements subject to risks and uncertainties. The actual properties and behavior of the protocol may differ materially from the information provided here. Statements in this document are not investment or legal advice.

法律免责声明：以下问题和答案仅供一般参考之用，可能包含有风险和不确定性的前瞻性陈述。协议的真实情况可能与此处提供的信息存在一定差异。本文中的陈述不构成投资或法律建议。

介绍（Introduction）

These FAQs include questions and answers to help those interested in the Filecoin network further understand: 1) the Filecoin protocol’s value proposition, and the problems it aims to solve, 2) certain protocol design decisions, and 3) how to participate in the Filecoin network.

If you’re new to the Filecoin network, we suggest skimming the?Filecoin whitepaper?and the?Filecoin primer?before reading these FAQs.

此次发布常见问题解答，主要是希望帮助对Filecoin感兴趣的朋友进一步理解：1）Filecoin协议的价值主张，以及它旨在解决的问题；2）某些协议设计决策；3）如何参与Filecoin网络。

如果是初次接触Filecoin，建议在阅读这些常见问题解答之前，可以先看看Filecoin白皮书和Filecoin入门相关文章。（Filecoin入门有文章链接，可点击查看）

内容目录（Table of Contents）（略）

Filecoin 101

What is Filecoin?

什么是Filecoin？

Filecoin is a decentralized storage network that turns cloud storage into an algorithmic market. Miners earn the native protocol token (also called “filecoin”) by providing data storage and/or retrieval. Conversely, clients pay miners to store or distribute data and to retrieve it. “Filecoin” can refer to a) the network, b) the protocol, c) the token powering the network, and d) the project. For more details, please see the?Glossary?below and?https://filecoin.io/.

Filecoin是一个分布式的存储网络，可将云存储转变为算法市场。矿工通过提供数据存储或检索来获得协议令牌（也称为“filecoin”）。相反，客户向矿工支付费用以存储或分发数据并进行检索。“Filecoin”可以指： a.网络；b.协议；c.为网络提供动力的令牌；以及 d.项目。

What is the connection between IPFS and Filecoin?

IPFS和Filecoin之间有什么联系？

Filecoin and IPFS are complementary protocols, both created by?Protocol Labs.?IPFS?allows peers to store, request, and transfer verifiable data with each other. IPFS is open-source and free to download and use, and is?already in use by numerous groups. With IPFS, individual nodes store data that they consider important; there’s no simple way to incentivize others to join the network or store specific data.

Filecoin和IPFS是互补协议，均由协议实验室创建。?IPFS允许对等体相互存储、请求和传输可验证的数据。IPFS是开源的，可以免费下载和使用，目前已经被许多组织使用。使用IPFS，各个节点存储他们认为重要的数据，没有简单的方法可以激励其他节点加入网络存储特定数据。

Filecoin is designed to solve this key problem by providing a system of persistent data storage. Under Filecoin’s incentive structure, clients pay to store data at specific levels of redundancy and availability, and miners earn payments and rewards by continuously storing data and cryptographically proving it.

Filecoin旨在通过提供持久数据存储系统来解决这一关键问题。在Filecoin的激励结构下，客户支付费用来在特定的冗余和可用性级别上存储数据。矿工通过持续存储数据，并以加密方式证明数据来获得报酬和奖励。?

In short: IPFS addresses and moves content; Filecoin is the missing incentive layer.

简而言之：IPFS是地址和移动内容;?Filecoin是缺少的激励层。

Filecoin also employs many components of IPFS. For example:

Filecoin还使用了IPFS的许多组件。例如：

Filecoin uses?IPLD?for blockchain data structures

Filecoin将IPLD用于区块链数据结构

Filecoin nodes use?libp2p?to establish secure connections to each other

Filecoin节点使用libp2p建立彼此的安全连接

Messaging between nodes and Filecoin block propogation utilizes?libp2p?pubsub

利用libp2p?pubsub实现节点间的消息传递和Filecoin块扩展

Moreover, the Filecoin core team includes some members of the IPFS core team. Compatibility is intended to be as seamless as possible between IPFS and Filecoin. Even after Filecoin launches, we expect the IPFS and Filecoin open-source communities to continue to collaborate and improve compatibility.

此外，Filecoin核心团队包括IPFS核心团队的一些成员。兼容性旨在，在IPFS和Filecoin之间尽可能的无缝。即使在Filecoin启动之后，我们仍然期望IPFS和Filecoin开源社区继续协作并提高兼容性。

When should I choose to use Filecoin and when should I choose IPFS?

我们应该在何时选择使用Filecoin？何时选择IPFS？

First, it’s worth repeating that Filecoin and IPFS are intended to complement each other and have significant cross compatibility. We are working to make it easy to migrate between voluntary IPFS storage and paid Filecoin storage.

首先，值得重复的是，Filecoin和IPFS旨在相互补充，并具有显着的交叉兼容性。我们正努力使其易于自愿在IPFS存储和付费Filecoin存储之间迁移。

With IPFS, you are responsible for your own storage nodes by directly provisioning hardware or purchasing storage from a third party. On IPFS, individual nodes store content that they consider important; there’s no simple way to incentivize others to guarantee to store your data on their systems. Filecoin provides the missing incentive structure.

使用IPFS，可以通过直接配置硬件或从第三方购买存储，来为自己的存储节点负责。在IPFS各个节点上，存储他们认为重要的内容。没有简单的方法来激励他人，保证将数据存储在他们的系统上。而Filecoin提供缺少的激励结构。

If you prefer to maintain your own storage nodes, or have external arrangements to store data cooperatively with peers, IPFS may be your preferred option. If you prefer to pay competitive prices and have storage managed for you at specific levels of redundancy and availability, Filecoin may be your preferred option.

如果您希望维护自己的存储节点，或者有外部安排来与对等方协作存储数据，则IPFS可能是您的首选方案。如果您希望支付具有竞争力的价格，并在特定级别的冗余和可用性下为您管理存储，则Filecoin可能是您的首选方案。

Why use decentralized storage on Filecoin with IPFS instead of existing data storage solutions?

为什么在Filecoin上使用IPFS分布式存储代替现有的数据存储解决方案？

When you type a URL into your web browser to access information on the internet today, the URL resolves to an IP address that identifies one server storing the information you are looking for. Nearly every publisher, vendor, and service on the internet stores information on servers located in specific data centers under their control, which makes the internet as we know it today “centralized”.

当你在Web浏览器中键入URL以访问Internet上的信息时，URL将解析为一个IP地址，该IP地址标识一个存储你要查找信息的服务器。互联网上几乎每个发布者、供应商和服务商都将信息存储在，位于其控制下的特定数据中心的服务器上，这使得我们今天所知的互联网非常的“集中化”。

Filecoin is a decentralized storage system that uses?cryptographic hashes?to identify and distribute data stored on the network. The network protocol itself works to ensure your files are stored. Novel cryptographic proofs create a useful and valuable storage service for clients as a byproduct of the Filecoin mining process. The miners are incentivized to monetize open hard drive space on Filecoin’s verifiable marketplace for storage, and they are awarded proportionally: the more they store, the more filecoin tokens they earn.

Filecoin是一个分布式的存储系统，它使用加密哈希来识别和分发存储在网络上的数据。网络协议本身的作用是确保你的文件存储。作为Filecoin挖掘过程的副产品，新的加密证明为客户创建了有用且有价值的存储服务。矿工们被激励在Filecoin可验证的存储市场上将硬盘空间货币化，并且按比例获得奖励。他们存储的越多，他们获得的Filecoin Token就越多。?

We believe this additional supply of verifiable, decentralized storage will both reduce costs and improve performance for clients. As a decentralized protocol, the data stored in the network and access to it cannot be controlled or exploited by a central entity, which improves robustness. At scale, information distributed across Filecoin miners will be stored nearer to users than is currently possible with monolithic centralized servers and large content distribution networks, making information retrieval much faster. Indexed data via cryptographic hashes on Filecoin enables users to efficiently orchestrate and update massive datasets. Lastly, as an open-source project, the software itself can be examined, verified, and improved publicly, unlike most cloud storage and distribution platforms today. As Filecoin evolves and new capabilities are added, we hope the network can provide a platform for most, if not all, information storage and delivery needs across the internet.

我们相信，这种额外的可验证的、分布式存储供应将降低成本，并提高客户的性能。作为分布式的协议，存储在网络中的数据和对其的访问不能被中央实体控制或利用，这提高了鲁棒性。从规模上看，分布在Filecoin矿工中的信息，将比使用单片集中式服务器和大型内容分发网络的用户，更靠近用户存储，从而使得信息检索更快。通过Filecoin上的加密哈希索引数据，使用户能够有效地编排和更新大量数据集。最后，作为一个开源项目，可以对软件本身进行公开检查、验证和改进，这与当今大多数云存储和分发平台不同。随着Filecoin的发展和新功能的增加，我们希望网络能够提供一个平台，满足大多数跨互联网的信息存储和交付需求。

Mining

挖矿

2.1 准备挖矿（Setting up to mine）

How do I become a storage and/or a retrieval miner?

如何成为存储或检索矿工？

In short, you will be able to run Filecoin mining node software in a way that is similar to networks like Bitcoin and Ethereum. We will continue to share more information and issue guidance as development progresses. Please be sure to join the?miner mailing list?to receive future updates.

简而言之，你将能够以类似于比特币和以太网等网络的方式运行Filecoin挖掘节点软件。随着开发进展的推进，我们将继续分享更多信息并发布指导意见。请务必加入矿工邮件列表以接收未来的更新。

What are the hardware requirements for mining Filecoin?

Filecoin挖矿有哪些硬件要求？

We have not yet released exact hardware specifications for Filecoin mining.

我们尚未发布Filecoin挖矿的确切硬件规范。

Storage miners earn filecoin by storing data for clients, and computing cryptographic proofs to verify storage across time. The probability of earning the block reward and transaction fees is proportional to the?amount of storage the miner contributes to the Filecoin network, and not hashing power.

存储矿工通过为客户存储数据来获得Filecoin，并计算加密证明以随时间验证存储。获得区块奖励和交易费用的概率，与矿工对Filecoin网络的存储量成比例，而不是强大的哈希计算能力。

Retrieval miners earn filecoin by winning bids and mining fees for a particular file that are determined by the market value of that file. A retrieval miner’s bandwidth and bid/initial response time for deals (i.e., latency and proximity to clients) will determine its ability to close retrieval deals on the network. The maximum bandwidth of a retrieval miner will set the total quantity of deals it can make.

检索矿工通过赢得特定文件的出价和采矿费用来获得Filecoin，这些费用由该文件的市场价值决定。检索矿工的带宽和交易的出价/初始响应时间（即延迟和与客户的接近度），将决定其在网络上关闭检索交易的能力。检索矿工的最大带宽将决定它所能完成的交易量。

Therefore, mining hardware should include ample storage space for storage mining, and/or a fast internet connection for retrieval mining. We expect that mining hardware will contain configurations with many hard drives, likely similar to a network-attached storage (NAS) device. Exact specifications for CPU and RAM have not yet been published. We also note that early storage and retrieval miners will be required to run full nodes of the Filecoin network.

因此，挖掘硬件应该包括用于存储挖掘的充足存储空间，和用于检索挖掘的快速网络连接。我们预计挖矿硬件将包含具有许多硬盘驱动器的配置，可能类似于网络连接存储（NAS）设备。CPU和RAM的确切规格尚未公布。我们还注意到，早期存储和检索矿工将需要运行Filecoin网络的完整节点。

Will I need an ASIC to mine Filecoin?

需不需要ASIC来开采Filecoin？

We’re doing our best to design the protocol so that “specialized Filecoin mining hardware” is most likely a highly optimized hard drive. Because Filecoin’s consensus mechanism is based on?Proof-of-Replication?and?Proof-of-Spacetime, there is no hash-intensive?Proof-of-Work. While the Filecoin proofs do require frequent storage lookups that could be facilitated by hardware, it would be expensive and likely impractical to design ASICs that support such random access to large amounts of memory. Realistically, we expect commodity hard-drives to generate and verify proofs at competitive speeds.

我们正在尽最大努力设计协议，以便“专用的Filecoin挖掘硬件”很可能是高度优化的硬盘驱动器。由于Filecoin的共识机制是基于复制验证和时空验证的，所以没有哈希密集的工作验证。虽然Filecoin证明确实需要频繁的存储查找，而这些查找可以通过硬件来促进，但是设计支持对大量内存随机访问的ASIC是昂贵的，并且可能是不切实际的。实际上，我们希望商品硬盘能够以极具竞争力的速度产生和验证。

2.2 运行节点（Running your node）

What kind of data is stored on a storage node?

存储节点上存储什么样的数据？

The?Filecoin whitepaper?states that storage miners will store two types of data: (1) sealed copies of the data they have agreed to store and (2) blockchain data. We expect miners will act as full nodes to better support the protocol, storing and verifying the complete blockchain. Since stored files will not be included in the blockchain itself, total storage required for storing the entire blockchain will be much lower than the sealed data that miners will store for deals.

Filecoin白皮书指出，存储矿工将存储两种类型的数据：

（1）他们同意存储的数据密封副本

（2）blockchain数据副本。

我们希望矿工充当完整节点，以更好地支持协议，存储和验证完整的区块链。由于存储的文件不会包含在区块链中，因此存储整个区块链所需的总存储量，将比矿工为交易而存储的密封数据低得多。

Can retrieval miners store data without being storage miners (for instance, store some popular data to serve to others)?

检索矿工是否可以存储数据（例如，存储一些供其他人使用的热门数据）？

Yes, retrieval miners can store data without being storage miners. However, storing data does not make a retrieval miner a storage miner. All storage miners are required to engage in the Filecoin Mining Protocol. That means: pledge storage, commit collateral, and prove storage continuously through?Proofs-of-Spacetime.

是的，检索矿工可以存储数据，而无需存储矿工。但是，存储数据不会使检索矿工成为存储矿工。所有储存矿工都必须参与Filecoin 挖掘协议。这意味着：承诺存储，提交抵押品，并通过时空证明持续证明存储。

How do retrieval miners acquire the data to send to clients?

检索矿工如何获取要发送给客户的数据？

We anticipate retrieval miners will also be storage miners (in which case they get the data directly from the client) or will retrieve a file from other storage miners if they realize the file is in high demand. The retrieval miner is not restricted to obtaining the data through Filecoin. It is possible that the data was temporarily available on IPFS or a server for free.

我们预计检索矿工也将成为存储矿工（在这种情况下，他们直接从客户端获取数据），或者如果他们意识到文件需求很大，他们将从其他存储矿工中检索文件。检索矿机不限于通过Filecoin获取数据。数据可能是免费在IPFS或服务器上临时提供的。

How can a blockchain-based protocol handle fast retrieval of files?

基于区块链的协议如何处理文件的快速检索？

While the storage market takes place on-chain, the retrieval market will operate entirely off-chain. We also expect that retrieval miners serving popular data will be globally distributed and efficient. You can watch the?Filecoin Storage Market Basics video?for more information.

虽然存储市场是在链上进行的，但检索市场将完全脱链运营。我们还希望为流行数据提供服务的检索矿工将在全球范围内分布，并且是高效的。

2.3 收益与奖励（Rewards and profitability）

How do I earn Filecoin as a miner?

作为矿工，该如何赚取Filecoin？?

Individual miners can participate in both the storage and retrieval markets to earn filecoin.

个体矿工可以参与存储和检索市场以获得filecoin。

In the storage market, miners are paid filecoin over time as they continue to prove they are storing a particular file. In addition, storage market miners have some likelihood of winning the next block, and earning the block reward and fees from transactions included in the block (similar to block rewards in other cryptocurrencies).

在存储市场中，矿工随着时间的推移会收到filecoin，因为他们继续证明他们正在存储特定文件。此外，存储市场矿工有可能赢得下一个区块，并从区块中包含的交易中获得区块奖励和费用（类似于其他加密货币的区块奖励）。

In the retrieval market, miners are paid in filecoin via off-chain payment channels for quickly providing files to clients who request them.

在检索市场中，矿工通过离线支付渠道在filecoin库中得到报酬，以便快速向请求它们的客户提供文件。

Clients

用户

3.1 使用成本（Usage and costs）

Why do I have to use Filecoin to pay for data storage and retrieval? Why not another cryptocurrency, like bitcoin, or a fiat currency, like USD?

为什么必须使用Filecoin来支付数据存储和检索费用？而不是像BTC一样的Token，或者像美元一样的法定货币？

Filecoin uses a native currency to engineer an incentive structure for the participation of storage and retrieval miners, or the supply side, of our network. Filecoin was designed with the goal of ensuring that the most profitable choice of every participant (including clients, miners, investors, and developers) is to act to improve the quality of service for the network.

Filecoin使用本身Token设计一个激励结构，以鼓励存储、检索矿工及供应方参与我们的网络。Filecoin的设计目标是确保每个参与者（包括客户、矿工、投资者和开发人员）最有利可图的选择，是采取行动来提高网络的服务质量。

Filecoin is built around a novel blockchain consensus protocol based on?Proof-of-Storage. Clients who want to store files on the Filecoin network hire miners to store multiple copies of their files across the network. Each miner must submit publicly verifiable cryptographic proofs that they are continuing to store the data in order to receive payment and block rewards in filecoin. Payment and rewards in filecoin power the incentive structure to guarantee a fair,?permissionless, robust, and decentralized storage network.

Filecoin是围绕基于存储证明的新型区块链共识协议构建的。想要在Filecoin网络上存储文件的客户，雇佣矿工在网络上存储他们文件的多个副本。每个矿工必须提交可公开验证的加密证明，证明他们正在继续存储数据，以便在filecoin中接收付款和阻止奖励。filecoin中的支付和奖励为激励结构提供动力，以保证一个公平、无权限、强大分布式的存储网络。?

Will there be any charges to users for retrieving the data?

是否会向用户收取任何检索数据的费用？

In some cases yes, and in some cases no. Someone needs to pay for the bandwidth costs incurred by miners serving the data to whoever is retrieving it. The simplest structure is for whoever is retrieving the data to pay for the costs of their own request.

在某些情况下有，在某些情况下没有。有人需要支付矿工服务数据的带宽成本，无论谁正在检索它。最简单的结构是，为了检索数据的人来支付他们自己的请求的费用。

Of course, that simple structure is not enough to satisfy the wide variety of data storage and distribution arrangements in the internet today. It is anticipated that Filecoin will offer constructions that allow one party to pay for another party to retrieve data (for example, via the use of vouchers or tickets). That will make many other kinds of models work, including the main content distribution model of web 2.0 websites. In that model, website owners pay for infrastructure services to serve data to their users for free, and then monetize the content in some other way. We aim for Filecoin to support structures like these. But we also aim to enable users and content creators to explore all kinds of new content distribution and economic models.

当然，这种简单的结构不足以满足当今互联网中各种各样的数据存储和分发安排。预计Filecoin将提供允许一方为另一方支付来检索数据的结构（例如，通过使用凭证或票据）。这将使许多其他类型的模型工作，包括web 2.0网站的主要内容分发模型。在该模型中，网站所有者为基础设施服务付费，以免费向其用户提供数据，然后以其他方式通过内容获利。我们的目标是使用Filecoin来支持这样的结构。但我们的目标也是让用户和内容创作者，能够探索各种新的内容分发经济模型。

IPFS is and will remain free to download, run, and use, and will run independently from Filecoin. Once Filecoin launches, IPFS nodes may also offer retrieval of their files on the Filecoin retrieval market at no cost or for a profit.

IPFS现在和将来都可以免费下载、运行和使用，并且将独立于Filecoin运行。一旦Filecoin启动，IPFS节点还可以在Filecoin检索市场上免费或收费的提供其文件的检索。

In addition, we believe that data sets with significant scientific or cultural value that are currently hosted on IPFS may have their Filecoin costs sponsored by nonprofits and governments.

此外，我们认为目前在IPFS上托管的具有重大科学或文化价值的数据集，可能会由非营利组织和政府赞助其Filecoin成本。

3.2 使用保障（Usage and guarantees）

I might like to store data on Filecoin. How do I stay informed?

我可能想在Filecoin上存储数据，如何保持知情？

The Filecoin network is not yet live, but you can sign up for our?early user program?and follow the?Filecoin blog?for updates.

Filecoin网络尚未上线，但你可以注册我们的早期用户体验表并关注Filecoin博客以获取更新。

How do you prevent information loss on Filecoin’s decentralized storage network?

如何防止Filecoin分布式存储网络上的信息丢失？

Filecoin is designed for highly redundant, highly available, and highly geo-replicated storage. Nobody can cover against all data loss scenarios, but we can drastically increase the probability of success by encouraging high replication, repairing damage proactively, and making it expensive for miners to fail.

Filecoin专为高度冗余，高可用性和高度地理复制的存储而设计。没有人能够应对所有数据丢失情况，但我们可以通过鼓励高度复制、主动修复损坏以及使矿工失败成本高昂来大幅提高成功的概率。

Filecoin stores data redundantly across multiple storage miners. If one of those miners loses the file, they then lose their committed collateral (as a fee for failing to honor the deal), and a new miner will be automatically hired to store another replica of the file. In this way, the Filecoin network is expected to be self-healing, and repair damage over time. This is similar in some ways to how professional cloud storage providers work today, but with an added repair that works across multiple storage providers.

Filecoin将数据冗余存储在多个存储矿工中。如果其中一个矿工丢失了文件，他们就会失去提交的抵押品（作为未能履行交易的费用），并且将自动雇用一名新矿工来存储该文件的另一个副本。通过这种方式，Filecoin网络有望自我修复，并随着时间的推移修复损坏。这在某些方面，这与当今专业云存储供应商的工作方式类似，但是可以在多个存储供应商之间进行额外的修复。

On the Filecoin network, clients can adjust the number of times their data is replicated, also known as the replication factor (or erasure coding), to achieve higher levels of redundancy and safety, though at a higher cost. Replication defaults will be carefully chosen to optimize safe storage and reduce the risk of data loss. Clients can adjust these defaults to achieve even higher (or lower) levels of redundancy and safety, at different costs.

在Filecoin网络上，客户端可以调整其数据复制的次数，也称为复制因子（或擦除编码），以实现更高级别的冗余和安全性，但成本更高。将仔细选择复制默认值以优化安全存储并降低数据丢失的风险。客户可以调整这些默认值，以不同的成本实现更高（或更低）的冗余和安全级别。

In addition, we expect reputation systems to emerge. We expect that client nodes will then be able to run software that learns the past history of storage miners and aims to hire more reliable miners.

此外，我们预计会呈现声誉系统。我们希望客户端节点能够运行了解存储矿工过去历史的软件，并且旨在雇用更可靠的矿工。

What happens if a miner storing my data loses internet connectivity?

如果存储我数据的矿工失去网络连接会怎样？

It’s difficult for a protocol to distinguish a miner who has lost connectivity from a miner who has maliciously deleted the data they’ve promised to store. As a result, miners are required to lock up collateral, which they lose if they fail to prove that they’re storing the files. If a single miner is offline for a short period of time, and continues to generate proofs, they will be subject to little or no penalization. Eventually, if the miner is offline for too long, the miner is declared to have failed. The miner loses its collateral, and the network triggers the repair process, hiring a new miner to store the data.

协议很难区分丢失连接的矿工和恶意删除承诺存储的数据的矿工。因此，矿工需要锁定抵押品，如果未能证明他们存储文件，他们将失去抵押品。如果一个矿工在短时间内离线，并继续生成证据，他们将受到很少的或没有惩罚。最终，如果矿工离线太长时间，则声明矿工已失败。矿工失去其抵押品，网络触发修复过程，将雇用一名新矿工来存储数据。